Research Library

Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids

Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids is a peer-reviewed journal that “bridge[s] the gap between empirical and evidence-based clinical medicine … [and] features short communications, case-reports, technical notes, letters, and conference proceedings.” It is the official journal of the Swiss Task Force for Cannabinoids in Medicine and the CannX International Medical Cannabis Conference Series. It is published by Karger Publishers.

Journal of cAnnabis research

An official publication of the Institute of Cannabis Research at Colorado State University-Pueblo, the Journal of Cannabis Research is a “open-access, peer-reviewed, international journal which welcomes submissions covering all topics pertaining to cannabis.” It “is the only broadly multidisciplinary journal of cannabis research, encompassing not only clinical and scientific research, but also research into social, business, economic, legal, environmental, and ethical impacts of cannabis use and the changing legal status of cannabis.” Dr. Raphael Mechoulam is on its editorial board.

Cannabinoids infused mouthwash products are as effective as chlorhexidine on inhibition of total-culturable bacterial content in dental plaque samples

In June 2020, the Journal of Cannabis Research published research about the “in vitro evaluation of cannabinoids infused mouthwash products against total culturable (aerobic) bacterial content from dental plaque samples.” The results demonstrated “the potential of cannabinoids in developing efficient and safer mouthwash products and next generation oral care products without fluoride and alcohol.”

A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Comparison of Medicinal Cannabis Users and Controls on Self-Reported Health

In June 2020, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research published an article studying the health benefits of medical cannabis as reported by users. The researchers found that “cannabis use was associated with improved health and” quality of life.

Migraine Frequency Decrease Following Prolonged Medical Cannabis Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study

In June 2020, Brain Sciences published the results of a “cross-sectional questionnaire-based study aimed to investigate the associations between phytocannabinoid treatment and migraine frequency.” The researchers found that medical cannabis results in “long-term reduction of migrane frequency” and “is associated with less disability and lower antimigraine medication intake.”

Biological properties and therapeutic applications of cannabidiol

In June 2020, the Journal of Medicinal Plants Research published an “integrative review of CBD and its potential benefits for human health. The results of this research confirmed CBD therapeutic actions in diseases such as schizophrenia, anxiety, epilepsy and motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, childhood convulsive disorders, Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes. Thus, cannabidiol has an important relevance for medical applications and also has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, antiemetic, analgesic and antibiotic activities.”

Activation of CB1R Promotes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-10 Secretion by Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cells and Reduces Acute Inflammation and Organ Injury

In May 2020, The Journal of Immunology published research about the endocannibinoid system and its relation to inflammatory conditions. The researchers found data that has “implications for acute and chronic conditions that are driven by dysregulated inflammation, such as sepsis, and raise the possibility that [cannabinoid receptor type 1]-signaling may constitute a novel target for inflammatory disorders.”

Beneficial effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ9-THCV in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease

In May 2020, Neurobiology of Disease published research examining the neuroprotective role of the cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin in patients with Parkinson’s Disease. The results of the research “situate Δ9-THCV in a promising position for developing a cannabinoid-based therapy for patients with PD.”

Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract Microdepots Support Controlled Release of Multiple Phytocannabinoids for Extended Therapeutic Effect

In May 2020, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces published the results of research “suggest[ing] that a long-term full-spectrum Cannabis delivery system may provide new form of Cannabis administration and treatments” in addition to oral and respiratory consumption.

Cannabidiol on 5‐FU‐induced oral mucositis in mice

In May 2020, Oral Diseases published the results of a study indicating that “CBD seems to exert an anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activity favoring a faster resolution of oral mucositis,” which could help cancer patients going through chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Two-weeks treatment with cannabidiol improves biophysical and behavioral deficits associated with experimental type-1 diabetes

In May 2020, Neuroscience Letters published research “provid[ing] evidence that CBD can be useful for treating psychiatry comorbidities in diabetic patients.”

Endocannabinoid System Components as Potential Biomarkers in Psychiatry

In April 2020, Frontiers in Psychiatry published an article reviewing evidence “suggest[ing] that the components of the [endocannabinoid system] may become promising biomarkers in psychiatry to improve, at least in part, the diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders.”

Positive Allosteric Modulation of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling Enhances Morphine Antinociception and Attenuates Morphine Tolerance Without Enhancing Morphine- Induced Dependence or Reward

In April 2020, Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience published research “suggest that a CB1 [positive allosteric modulator] may be beneficial in enhancing and prolonging the therapeutic properties of opioids while potentially sparing unwanted side-effects (e.g., tolerance) that occur with repeated opioid treatment.”

Cannabidiol and Other Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids for Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders: Useful Nutraceuticals?

In April 2020, the International Journal of Molecular Sciences published a review “showing that non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol, may be useful to treat different disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.”

Evaluating the co-use of opioids and cannabis for pain among current users using hypothetical purchase tasks

In April 2020, the Journal of Psychopharmacology found “behavioral economic evidence that cannabis access may modestly reduce demand for opioids in persons who have pain.” The researchers used an online survey to assess “cannabis and opioid use frequency and dependence measures, pain severity, and demand for both cannabis and opioids alone and when concurrently available using hypothetical purchase tasks.”

What Should I Know About Medical Cannabis?

In February 2020, the Journal of the American Medical Association: Internal Medicine published an informational article about medical cannabis. The authors explain what cannabis is and its medical benefits.

Trends in Cannabis Use Among Older Adults in the United States, 2015-2018

In February 2020, the Journal of the American Medical Association: Internal Medicine published a study that ”examines the most recent national trends in cannabis use to determine whether cannabis use has continued to increase among older adults.” The study found that “the use of cannabis in the past year by adults 65 years and older in the United States increased sharply from 0.4% in 2006 and 2007 to 2.9% in 2015 and 2016.”

Daily Cannabis Users with Sickle Cell Disease Show Fewer Admissions than Others with Similar Pain Complaints

In February 2020, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research published an article reporting the findings of a “cross-sectional study of adults with SCD [sickle cell disease] and compared daily users of cannabis with others using validated patient-reported measures of pain and quality of life as well as opioid and health care utilization.” The researchers found that “people with SCD with more severe pain crisis are more likely to use daily cannabis, yet have lower rates of hospital admission and ER use as compared with others with similar disease severity and pain impact.”

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): a commentary on potential therapeutic benefit for the management of obesity and diabetes

In January 2020, the Journal of Cannabis Research published a commentary on the cannabinoid THCV. The authors concluded that since “the uniquely diverse properties of THCV provide neuroprotection, appetite suppression, glycemic control, and reduced side effects,” THCV could become a “potential priority candidate for the development of clinically useful therapies in the future. Hopefully, THCV could provide an optional platform for the treatment of life-threatening diseases.“

Effects of cannabis oil extract on immune response gene expression in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAEpC): implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

In January 2020, the Journal of Cannabis Research published the results of an investigation “indicat[ing] that cannabis oil extract may affect expression of specific airway epithelial cell genes that could modulate pro-inflammatory or Th1 processes in COPD.”

The use of cannabis for Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG)

In January 2020, the Journal of Cannabis Research published the results of a study of four pregnant women with severe morning sickness and the impact of cannabis on their symptoms. “The results suggest[ed] that cannabis may be effective for“ hyperemesis gravidarum.

The Impact of Medical Cannabis on Intermittent and Chronic Opioid Users with Back Pain: How Cannabis Diminished Prescription Opioid Usage

In January 2020, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research published an article studying “if cannabis may be used as an alternative or adjunct treatment for intermittent and chronic prescription opioid users.” The researchers found that “cannabis use worked as an alternative to prescription opioids in just over half of patients with low back pain and as an adjunct to diminish use in some chronic opioid users.”

Beyond THC and Endocannabinoids

In its January 2020 issue, the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology published an article where “the recently published research on the chemistry and biological effects of plant cannabinoids (specifically CBD), endocannabinoids, certain long-chain fatty acid amides, and the variety of relevant receptors is critically reviewed” by doctors including Raphael Mechoulam.

A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol

In December 2019, Scientific Reports published an article announcing the discovery of two new cannabinoids. A group of Italian researchers isolated THCP and CBDP from the cannabis plant. They concluded that the presence of these cannabinoids “could account for the pharmacological properties of some cannabis varieties difficult to explain by the presence of the sole Δ9-THC.”

Anxiolytic Effects of Repeated Cannabidiol Treatment in Teenagers With Social Anxiety Disorders

In November 2019, Frontiers in Psychology published research of a double-blind study indicating that “CBD could be a useful option to treat social anxiety.” After four weeks of treatment with CBD oil, the researchers recorded “significantly decreased anxiety” in teenagers with social anxiety disorder.

Development of a Novel Nano­emulsion Formulation to Improve Intestinal Absorption of Cannabidiol

In its July 2019 issue, Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids published an article where researchers were seeking “to improve the poor solubility and absorption of CBD” in humans. They concluded that the new “formulation developed in this study successfully improved the absorption of CBD … [and] could be useful to achieve a more stable and quicker onset of action by CBD.”

The Endocannabinoid System: A New Treatment Target for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

In June 2019, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research published an article exploring the connection between the endocannabinoid system and systems of OCD. The study found that “an emerging body of evidence suggests that the [endocannabinoid system] plays a role in OCD symptoms and may be a target for the development of novel medications.”

National Cancer Institute PDQ®: Cannabis and Cannabinoids

In June 2019, the National Cancer Institute’s PDQ Cancer Information Studies published an article, “Cannabis and Cannabinoids,” that explores how cannabis and cannabinoids have been studied as ways to manage side effects of cancer and cancer therapies.

Cannabidiol for the Reduction of Cue-Induced Craving and Anxiety in Drug-Abstinent Individuals With Heroin Use Disorder: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

In May 2019, the American Journal of Psychiatry published the results of a study that “investigated the potential of cannabidiol (CBD), a nonintoxicating phytocannabinoid, to reduce cue-induced craving and anxiety, two critical features of addiction that often contribute to relapse and continued drug use.” The researchers found that CBD “significantly reduced both craving and anxiety.”

Prescription of a THC/CBD-Based Medication to Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Study in Geneva

In April 2019, Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids published the findings of a study exploring the effects of cannabis on patients with dementia. Researchers found that “an oral cannabis extract with THC/CBD, in higher dosages than in other studies, was well tolerated and greatly improved behavior problems, rigidity, and daily care in severely demented patients.”

Medical Cannabis for Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Sociological Patient Case Report of Cannabinoid Therapeutics in Finland

In January 2019, Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids published an article detailing a case study of a man diagnosed with ADHD. After “experiencing adverse effects from prolonged use of this medication and afterwards other medications that were prescribed as alternatives, the patient discovered that cannabinoid therapeutics” were “found to be helpful in alleviating the patient’s ADHD symptoms, in particular poor tolerance to frustration, outbursts of anger, boredom, and problems related to concentration.”

Cannabis, from plant to pill

In its November 2018 issue, the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published research detailing the origin of cannabis and the creation of different cannabis varieties.

Effect of Cannabidiol on Medial Temporal, Midbrain, and Striatal Dysfunction in People at Clinical High Risk of Psychosis

In November 2018, the Journal of the American Medical Association: Psychiatry published the results of a double-blind randomized clinical trial investigating the potential therapeutic effects of CBD in psychosis. The “results suggest that cannabidiol may normalize dysfunction in these brain regions, which are critically implicated in psychosis, and this may underlie its therapeutic effects in psychosis.”

Emerging Evidence for Cannabis' Role in Opioid Use Disorder

In September 2018, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research published an article detailing “cannabis' potential to prevent opioid misuse (as an analgesic alternative), alleviate opioid withdrawal symptoms, and decrease the likelihood of relapse.”

Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age

In September 2018, Frontiers in Immunology published a review “describ[ing] “the main advances in the development of the experimental and clinical use of cannabidiol CBD in neuropsychiatry.” The researchers found that “CBD was shown to have anxiolytic, antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties. In addition, basic and clinical investigations on the effects of CBD have been carried out in the context of many other health conditions, including its potential use in epilepsy, substance abuse and dependence, schizophrenia, social phobia, post-traumatic stress, depression, bipolar disorder, sleep disorders, and Parkinson.”

Association of Medical and Adult-Use Marijuana Laws With Opioid Prescribing for Medicaid Enrollees

In May 2018, The Journal of the American Medical Association: Internal Medicine published the results of a study “examin[ing] the association of state implementation of medical and adult-use marijuana laws with opioid prescribing rates and spending among Medicaid enrollees.” The researchers found a 6% lower rate of opioid prescribing in states with medical cannabis laws.

Cannabis and the Opioid Crisis

In April 2018, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research published an article with excerpts from a workshop entitled Cannabis and the opioid crisis: a multidisciplinary view at the Center for the Study of Cannabis at the University of California, Irvine. Participants included Susan Weiss (National Institute on Drug Abuse), Donald Abrams (University of California, San Francisco), Ziva Cooper (Columbia University), Igor Grant (University of California San Diego), Daniele Piomelli (University of California, Irvine), Stanton Glantz (University of California, San Francisco), Marcus Bachhuber (Albert Einstein College of Medicine), Rosalie Pacula (The Rand Institute), Mireille Jacobson (University of California, Irvine), Graham Boyd and Keith Humphreys (Stanford University).

Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

In March 2018, the American Journal of Psychiatry published the results of a study examining CBD and its potential use as a treatment for schizophrenia. The findings of the study suggested that “CBD has beneficial effects in patients with schizophrenia. As CBD's effects do not appear to depend on dopamine receptor antagonism, this agent may represent a new class of treatment for the disorder.”

Prospective analysis of safety and efficacy of medical cannabis in large unselected population of patients with cancer

In its March 2018 issue, the European Journal of Internal Medicine published a study that “characterize[d] the epidemiology of cancer patients receiving medical cannabis treatment and describe the safety and efficacy of this therapy.” The researchers concluded that “cannabis as a palliative treatment for cancer patients seems to be well tolerated, effective and safe option to help patients cope with the malignancy related symptoms.”

The Grass Might Be Greener: Medical Marijuana Patients Exhibit Altered Brain Activity and Improved Executive Function after 3 Months of Treatment

In January 2018, Frontiers in Pharmacology published research that showed that medical cannabis patients’ cognitive function improves over time. After using medical cannabis, “brain activation patterns appeared more similar to those exhibited by healthy controls from previous studies than at pre-treatment, suggestive of a potential normalization of brain function relative to baseline.” Additionally, “patients in the current study also reported improvements in clinical state and health-related measures as well as notable decreases in prescription medication use, particularly opioids and benzodiapezines after 3 months of treatment.”

Associations between medical cannabis and prescription opioid use in chronic pain patients

The peer-reviewed journal PLOS ONE published a study in November 2017 that found “clinically and statistically significant evidence of an association between [medical cannabis program] enrollment and opioid prescription cessation and reductions and improved quality of life.”

In June 2017, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research published the results of a study examining “the use of cannabis as a substitute for opioid-based pain medication by collecting survey data from 2897 medical cannabis patients. Thirty-four percent of the sample reported using opioid-based pain medication in the past 6 months. Respondents overwhelmingly reported that cannabis provided relief on par with their other medications, but without the unwanted side effects. Ninety-seven percent of the sample “strongly agreed/agreed” that they are able to decrease the amount of opiates they consume when they also use cannabis, and 81% “strongly agreed/agreed” that taking cannabis by itself was more effective at treating their condition than taking cannabis with opioids. Results were similar for those using cannabis with non-opioid-based pain medications.”

Medical Marijuana and Mental Health: Cannabis Use in Psychiatric practice

Published in the Psychiatric Times in May 2017, this article details the relationship between medical cannabis and mental disorders.

Can cannabinoids be a potential therapeutic tool in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

In December 2016, Neural Regeneration Research published an article that found a “valid rationale to propose the use of cannabinoid compounds in the pharmacological management of ALS patients.”

Effects of Medical Cannabis on Patients with Parkinson’s disease

This article, published in the European Journal of Pain in October 2016, found that “cannabis improved motor scores and pain symptoms in [Parkinson’s disease] patients.”

Neuroprotective effect of nerolidol against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by rotenone

In August 2016, BMC Neuroscience published research about the relationship between Parkinson’s disease and nerolidol, a terpene with “antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.” The researchers found “that the neuroprotective effect of nerolidol is mediated through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which strongly supports its therapeutic potential for the treatment of PD.”

Marijuana Compound Removes Toxic Alzheimer's Protein from the Brain

Published in the Nature Partner Journal’s Aging and Mechanisms of Disease in June 2016, this study found that “cannabinoids and other drugs that block inflammation in neurons could help thwart the progression of Alzheimer‘s disease.”

Nerolidol: A Sesquiterpene Alcohol with Multi-Faceted Pharmacological and Biological Activities

In April 2016, Molecules published a review about “the various pharmacological and biological activities of nerolidol.” The researchers concluded that nerolidol is “a promising chemical or drug candidate in the field of agriculture and medicine.”

Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids

In March 2016, Current Oncology published an article reviewing “the current understanding of cannabinoids as antitumour agents, focusing on recent discoveries about their molecular mechanisms of action, including resistance mechanisms and opportunities for their use in combination therapy.”

Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial

In March 2016, The Lancet Neurology published an article with research that “suggest[ed] that cannabidiol might reduce seizure frequency and might have an adequate safety profile in children and young adults with highly treatment-resistant epilepsy.”

dReview on Clinical Studies with Cannabis & Cannabinoids

In February 2016, the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines published an article studying “controlled studies evaluating the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids.” Researchers found that “cannabinoids present an interesting therapeutic potential … in chronic neuropathic pain and … in multiple sclerosis … CBD emerges as another valuable cannabinoid for therapeutic purposes besides THC.”

Early Phase in the Development of Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Addiction: Opioid Relapse Takes Initial Center Stage

In its October 2015 issue, Neurotherapeutics published research indicating that CBD may help recovering opioid addicts avoid relapse. The article “presents preliminary clinical data that collectively sets a strong foundation in support of the further exploration of CBD as a therapeutic intervention against opioid relapse.”

Cannabidiol for the Prevention of Graft-versus-Host-Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Results of a Phase II Study

In October 2015, Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation published a study that found that ”the combination of CBD with standard [graft-versus-host-disease] prophylaxis is a safe and promising strategy to reduce the incidence of acute [graft-versus-host-disease].”

Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders

In the September 2015 issue of the Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, researchers from NYU Medical Center found that “evidence indicates CBD has considerable potential as a treatment for multiple anxiety disorders.”

Do Medical Marijuana Laws Reduce Addictions and Deaths Related to Pain Killers?

In July 2015, the National Bureau of Economic Research published an article studying “the impact of medical marijuana laws on problematic opioid use.” The researchers found that “providing broader access to medical marijuana may have the potential benefit of reducing abuse of highly addictive painkillers.”

The scientist: A documentary

The Scientist is a 2015 documentary that traces the story of Dr. Raphael Mechoulam from his early days as a child of the Holocaust in Bulgaria, through his immigration to Israel, and his career as the chief investigator into the chemistry and biology of the world’s most misunderstood plant. Dr. Mechoulam ascertained that THC interacts with the largest receptor system in the human body, the endocannabinoid system (ECS).

Medical Marijuana Laws and Adolescent Marijuana Use

Funded by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, in June 2015 The Lancet Psychiatry journal published this article that found that the “passage of state medical marijuana laws does not increase adolescent use of marijuana.”

Endocannabinoid signaling at the periphery: 50 years after THC

In May 2015, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences published an article reviewing “the state of the art of critical [endocannabinoid] functions in peripheral organs” fifty years after THC was isolated by Dr. Raphael Mechoulam.

Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults

In the Journal for Neuroscience, an article published in January 2015 found that “there is no association between marijuana use and standard volumetric or shape measurements of subcortical structures” in the brains of adolescents or adults.

Early phytocannabinoid chemistry to endocannabinoids and beyond

In October 2014, Nature Reviews Neuroscience published an article reviewing the development of “our understanding of the endocannabinoid system and its function in the brain, which reveal potential therapeutic targets for a wide range of brain disorders.”

Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999-2010

In October 2014, the Journal of the American Medical Association: Internal Medicine published an article studying the “association between the presence of state medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality.“ The study found that opioid-related deaths have declined in state that have legalized medical cannabis.

Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial

In September 2014, the Journal of Psychopharmacology published the results of a double-blind trial exploring the effect of CBD on Parkinson’s Disease patients with no comorbidities. The findings “point[ed] to a possible effect of CBD in improving quality of life measures” in these patients.

Preliminary, Open-Label, Pilot Study of Add-On Oral Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

In June 2014, Clinical Drug Investigation published the results of a study “evaluat[ing] the tolerance and safety of orally absorbable Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for chronic PTSD.” The researchers concluded that “orally absorbable Δ9-THC was safe and well tolerated by patients with chronic PTSD.”

Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep‐related behaviors associated with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease patients: a case series

In May 2014, the Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics published the results of case studies examining the effect of CBD on patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RBD “is a parasomnia characterized by the loss of muscle atonia during REM sleep associated with nightmares and active behavior during dreaming.” This case series indicated “that CBD is able to control the symptoms of RBD.”

Getting high on the endocannabinoid system

In November 2013, Cerebrum published an article about the endocannabinoid system, “one of the most important physiologic systems involved in establishing and maintaining human health.” The author describes how cannabis works with the endocannabinoid system to “connect brain activity and states of physical health and disease.”

Exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling is modulated by intensity

In April 2013, the European Journal of Applied Physiology published research denoting that cannabinoids increase after strenuous exercise and that endocannabinoid “activity is related to neurobiological effects of exercise.” The researchers conclude that “ exercise activates the eCB system in humans and other mammals, suggesting eCBs are partly responsible for the reported improvements in mood and affect following aerobic exercise in humans.”

Cannabidiol as potential anticancer drug

In February 2013, the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published a review focusing on “the efficacy of CBD” as a treatment for different types of cancers. The authors wrote that “evidence is emerging to suggest that CBD is a potent inhibitor of both cancer growth and spread.”

The Endocannabinoid System and the Brain

In January 2013, the Annual Review of Psychology published an article detailing “the actions of the endocannabinoid system on anxiety, depression, neurogenesis, reward, cognition, learning, and memory.”

A Critical Review of the Antipsychotic Effects of Cannabidiol: 30 Years of a Translational Investigation

In June 2012, Current Pharmaceutical Design published an article reviewing the “research evaluating antipsychotic potential” of CBD. The authors found results that “ support the idea that CBD may be a future therapeutic option in psychosis, in general and in schizophrenia, in particular.”

Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an anxiolytic drug

In June 2012, the Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry published an article reviewing studies of CBD as an anxiety-reducing drug. The authors found that “studies using animal models of anxiety and involving healthy volunteers clearly suggest an anxiolytic-like effect of CBD. Moreover, CBD was shown to reduce anxiety in patients with social anxiety disorder.”

THEMED ISSUE ON CANNABINOIDS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published the second part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology in Medicine. This issue has review articles and dozens of “exciting research articles on the molecular, cellular, tissue and whole animal aspects of cannabinoid activities.”

Cannabinoids mediate opposing effects on inflammation‐induced intestinal permeability

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published research suggesting that the cannabinoids in the cannabis plant “have therapeutic potential for reversing the disordered intestinal permeability associated with inflammation.“

Cannabinoids and bone: endocannabinoids modulate human osteoclast function in vitro

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published the results of a study “suggest[ing] that small molecules modulating the endocannabinoid system could be important therapeutics in human bone disease.”

The anandamide transport inhibitor AM404 reduces the rewarding effects of nicotine and nicotine‐induced dopamine elevations in the nucleus accumbens shell in rats

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published an article examining the relationship between endocannabinoids and nicotine. The “findings suggest that [endocannabinoid anandamide] transport inhibition can counteract the addictive effects of nicotine and that AEA transport may serve as a new target for development of medications for treatment of tobacco dependence.

Differential transcriptional profiles mediated by exposure to the cannabinoids cannabidiol and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol in BV‐2 microglial cells

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published research studying the “underlying mechanisms” of the “immunosuppressive activity of cannabinoids.” The researched observed that “CBD, but much less than THC, induced a cellular stress response in microglial cells and suggested that this effect could underlie its anti‐inflammatory activity.”

Cannabinoid CB1 receptors transactivate multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and regulate serine/threonine kinases to activate ERK in neuronal cells

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published the results of an experiment of “the cellular mechanisms involved in CB1 receptor‐stimulated ERK phosphorylation in a neuronal cell model.“ The researchers concluded that these “pathways may provide routes to novel CB1‐based therapeutic interventions in the treatment of addictive disorders or neurodegenerative diseases.”

The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor PF‐3845 acts in the nervous system to reverse LPS‐induced tactile allodynia in mice

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published research studying the potential of the endocannabinoid system to treat inflammatory pain. The researchers concluded that the “blockade of neuronal FAAH reverses allodynia through the activation of both cannabinoid receptors and represents a promising target to treat inflammatory pain.”

A new cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist HU‐910 attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death associated with hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published research of a cannabinoid “receptor agonist which may exert protective effects in various diseases associated with inflammation and tissue injury.“

Δ8‐Tetrahydrocannabivarin prevents hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through cannabinoid CB2 receptors

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published research showing that “Δ8‐THCV activated CB2 receptors” and “decreased tissue injury and inflammation.”

Cannabinoid research in the 2010s

In April 2012, the British Journal of Pharmacology published an analysis of the trajectory of cannabinoid research in the 2010s.

Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic plant-derived cannabinoid, decreases inflammation in a murine model of acute lung injury: Role for the adenosine A2A receptor

In March 2012, the European Journal of Pharmacology published the results of an investigation studying “the possible anti-inflammatory effect of cannabidiol in a murine model of acute lung injury.” The results “how that cannabidiol has anti-inflammatory effects in a murine model of acute lung injury and that this effect is most likely associated with an increase in the extracellular adenosine offer and signaling through adenosine A2A receptor.”

Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia

In March 2012, Translational Psychiatry published showing that CBD may be effective as an antipsychotic in reducing the symptoms associated with schizophrenia. In the study, treatment with CBD had fewer side effects than the antipsychotic. The results suggest that CBD can “potentially represent a completely new mechanism in the treatment of schizophrenia.”

Themed issue on cannabinoids in biology and medicine

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published the first part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology in Medicine. This issue has review articles and dozens of “exciting research articles on the molecular, cellular, tissue and whole animal aspects of cannabinoid activities.”

Cannabidiol inhibits pathogenic T cells, decreases spinal microglial activation and ameliorates multiple sclerosis‐like disease in C57BL/6 mice

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published the results of an experimental study of CBD and its impact on inflammatory central nervous system diseases like multiple-sclerosis. The researchers outline the “beneficial effects” of CBD that they observed.

Symptom‐relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ9‐THCV in animal models of Parkinson's disease

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published an article studying the effects of cannabinoids in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The researchers concluded that “given its antioxidant properties and its ability to activate CB2 but to block CB1 receptors, Δ9‐THCV has a promising pharmacological profile for delaying disease progression in PD and also for ameliorating parkinsonian symptoms.”

Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid‐enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published research “relevant to the analgesic, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer effects of cannabinoids and Cannabis extracts.”

The endocannabinoid system and cancer: therapeutic implication

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published an article examining how “cannabis‐like compounds offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of breast, prostate and bone cancer in patients.”

The endocannabinoid system as a key mediator during liver diseases: new insights and therapeutic openings

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published an article highlighting how “endocannabinoids and their receptors have emerged as major regulators of several pathophysiological aspects associated with chronic liver disease progression.”

The case for peripheral CB1 receptor blockade in the treatment of visceral obesity and its cardiometabolic complications

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published a review article looking at “the actions of endocannabinoids on food intake and body weight, as well as on the metabolic complications of visceral obesity.”

Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published a review of “research indicat[ing] that cannabinioids, including CBD, may be effective clinically for treating both nausea and vomiting produced by chemotherapy or other therapeutic treatments.”

Endocannabinoids and traumatic brain injury

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published a review focused on the role the endocannabinoid system “plays as a self‐neuroprotective mechanism and its potential as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of” central nervous system pathologies.

The dual neuroprotective–neurotoxic profile of cannabinoid drugs

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published an article with findings “show[ing] that a pre‐ or a postconditioning treatment with extremely low doses of THC, several days before or after brain injury, provides effective long‐term cognitive neuroprotection.”

Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published a review of “cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol.” The author examines how terpenoids “display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts.”

Prospects for cannabinoid therapies in basal ganglia disorders

In August 2011, the British Journal of Pharmacology published an article discussing how “cannabinoids are promising medicines to slow down disease progression in neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), two of the most important disorders affecting the basal ganglia.”

Cannabidiol and Other Cannabinoids Reduce Microglial Activation In Vitro and In Vivo: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease

In June 2011, Molecular Pharmacology published research showing that “CBD is able to modulate microglial cell function in vitro and induce beneficial effects” in Alzheimer’s Disease. The researchers conclude that CBD “may represent a novel therapeutic approach for this neurological disease.”

Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients

In May 2011, Neuropsychopharmacology published the results of a study looking at the connection between CBD and the reduction of Social Anxiety Disorder. It was found that “CBD significantly reduced anxiety, cognitive impairment and discomfort.”

Cannabidiol protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating inflammatory signaling and response, oxidative/nitrative stress, and cell death

In May 2011, Free Radical Biology and Medicine published research examining the effects of CBD in heptatic I/R injury. “Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a pivotal mechanism of liver damage after liver transplantation or hepatic surgery.“ The researchers concluded that “CBD may represent a novel, protective strategy against I/R injury by attenuating key inflammatory pathways and oxidative/nitrative tissue injury, independent of classical CB1/2 receptors.”

Cannabidiol Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Inflammatory and Cell Death Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

In December 2010, the Journal of the American College of Cardiology published the results of a study “strongly suggest[ing] that [CBD] may have great therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetic complications, and perhaps other cardiovascular disorders, by attenuating oxidative/nitrative stress, inflammation, cell death and fibrosis.”

Preliminary Efficacy and Safety of an Oromucosal Standardized Cannabis Extract in Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting

In November 2010, the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published a study concluding that cannabis-based medicine “added to standard antiemetic therapy was well tolerated and provided better protection against delayed” chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder

In September 2010, the Journal of Psychopharmacology published an article that found that “CBD reduces anxiety in [social anxiety disorder] and that this is related to its effects on activity in limbic and paralimbic brain areas.”

Therapeutical use of the cannabinoids in psychiatry

In May 2010, the Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry published a review of “ the main advances related to the potential therapeutic use of cannabinoid compounds in psychiatry.” CBD “was found to have therapeutic potential with antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties, in addition to being effective in other conditions.”

Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of THC:CBD Extract and THC Extract in Patients with Intractable Cancer-Related Pain

In its February 2010 issue, the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management published an article detailing the effectiveness of THC and CBD in the pain management of cancer patients. The study found that “THC:CBD extract is efficacious for relief of pain in patients with advanced cancer pain not fully relieved by strong opioids.”

Opposite effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human brain function and psychopathology

In its February 2010 issue, Neuropsychopharmacology published research distinguishing between the effects of THC and CBD. Researchers found that “THC and CBD can have opposite effects on regional brain function, which may underlie their different symptomatic and behavioral effects, and CBD's ability to block the psychotogenic effects of Delta-9-THC.”

Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychotropic Component of Cannabis, Inhibits Cue-Induced Heroin Seeking and Normalizes Discrete Mesolimbic Neuronal Disturbances

In November 2009, the Journal for Neuroscience published an article examining the effects of CBD “on heroin self-administration and drug-seeking behavior.” The findings “suggest that CBD may be a potential treatment for heroin craving and relapse.“

Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb

In October 2009, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences published an article examining the “pharmacological advances, novel mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutic applications of such non-psychotropic plant-derived cannabinoids.”

Cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonists protect the striatum against malonate toxicity: Relevance for Huntington's disease

In August 2009, GLIA published research supporting “the hypothesis that CB2 receptors could constitute a therapeutic target to slowdown neurodegeneration in” Huntington’s Disease.

Smoked Medicinal Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain in HIV: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial

In its February 2009 journal, the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology published the results of a clinical trial that “assess[ed] the impact of smoked cannabis on neuropathic pain in HIV.” The researchers found that “smoked cannabis was generally well tolerated and effective” in patients with HIV.

Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease

In September 2008, the Journal of Psychopharmacology published the results of a study “directly evaluat[ing] for the first time, the efficacy, tolerability and safety of CBD on [Parkinson’s Disease] patients with psychotic symptoms.” The results suggested that “CBD may be effective, safe and well tolerated for the treatment of the psychosis“ in Parkinson’s Disease.

Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action

In September 2008, the Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry published a review “describ[ing] the historical development of research on cannabidiol.” The author found that “it has been possible to demonstrate that CBD has a wide range of pharmacological effects, many of which being of great therapeutic interest.“

targeting the endocannabinoid system: to enhance or reduce?

In May 2008, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery published a review article about the endocannabinoid system by Vincenzo Di Marzo. In the article Di Marzo writes, “Perhaps no other signaling system discovered during the past 15 years is raising as many expectations for the development of new therapeutic drugs.”

the CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Controls Myeloid Progenitor Trafficking: INVOLVEMENT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AN ANIMAL MODEL OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

In March 2008, the Journal of Biological Chemistry published research “support[ing] the potential use of non-psychoactive CB2 agonists in therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis and other neuroinflammatory disorders.”

Inhibition of Human Neutrophil Chemotaxis by Endogenous Cannabinoids and Phytocannabinoids: Evidence for a Site Distinct from CB1 and CB2

In February 2008, Molecular Pharmacology published findings with “implications for the potential pharmacological manipulation of elements of the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.”

Presence of functional cannabinoid receptors in human endocrine pancreas

In December 2007, Diabetologia published and article with research results that “suggest a role for endogenous endocannabinoid signalling in regulation of endocrine secretion in the human pancreas.”

Cannabidiol – Recent Advances

In August 2007, Chemistry & Biodiversity published a review of recent publications studying CBD. The authors conclude that “the plethora of positive pharmacological effects observed with CBD make this compound a highly attractive therapeutic entity.”

History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet

In its August 2007 issue, Chemistry & Biodiversity published an article surveying the history of cannabis, “one of the oldest plants cultivated by man.” The authors propose that the “information gleaned from the history of cannabis administration in its various forms may provide useful points of departure for research into novel delivery techniques and standardization of cannabis-based medicines that will allow their prescription for treatment of … intractable medical conditions.”

Dronabinol and Marijuana in HIV-Positive Marijuana Smokers: Caloric Intake, Mood, and Sleep

In its August 2007 issue, the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome published a study with “data suggest[ing] that for HIV-positive marijuana smokers, both dronabinol … and marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.”

Attenuation of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Through the Endocannabinoid System

In June 2007, Science published research results “demonstrat[ing] a protective role of the endocannabinoid system in contact allergy in the skin and suggest a target for therapeutic intervention.”

Δ-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits growth and metastasis of lung cancer

In its May 2007 publication, the Cancer Research: Experimental and Molecular Therapeutics journal published an article detailing “studies indicate that THC has anti-tumorigenic and anti-metastatic effects against lung cancer.”

Antifungal effect of eugenol and nerolidol against Microsporum gypseum in a guinea pig model

In January 2007, the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan’s Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin published research studying the “the antifungal activities of eugenol and nerolidol isolated from Japanese cypress oil.” The results “suggest[ed] that eugenol and nerolidol could apply supplementary antifungal agents” in addition to anti-infectious properties.

Cannabinoids Induce Glioma Stem-like Cell Differentiation and Inhibit Gliomagenesis

In January 2007, the Journal of Biological Chemistry published research demonstrating “that cannabinoids target glioma stem-like cells, promote their differentiation, and inhibit gliomagenesis, thus giving further support to their potential use in the management of malignant gliomas.”

Non-psychoactive CB2 cannabinoid agonists stimulate neural progenitor proliferation

In October 2006, The FASEB Journal published an article with research findings that “provide a new conceptual view in the understanding of how the endocannabinoid system signals in brain.“

Marijuana's Active Ingredient Shown to Inhibit Primary Marker of Alzheimer's Disease

In August 2006, The Scripps Research Institute published findings that “offer convincing evidence that THC possesses remarkable inhibitory qualities” for patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.

History of cannabis as a medicine: a review

In June 2006, the Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry published a review of the history of medicinal cannabis from 4000 BC to the present day.

The endocannabinoid 2-AG protects the blood–brain barrier after closed head injury and inhibits mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines

In May 2006, Neurobiology of Disease published research showing that the endocannabinoid 2-AG protects the blood-brain barrier. The researchers “suggest that 2-AG exerts neuroprotection in part by inhibition of the early (1–4 h) inflammatory response and augmentation of the brain reducing power.”

Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug

In April 2006, the Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research published research that “confirmed that this cannabinoid can be a safe and well-tolerated alternative treatment for schizophrenia.”

Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass

In January 2006, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America published a research article “demonstrat[ing] that the endocannabinoid system is essential for the maintenance of normal bone mass” by the cannabinoid receptor CB2. The researchers concluded that “CB2 offers a molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, the most prevalent degenerative disease in developed countries.”

Cannabidiol lowers incidence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice

In 2006, Autoimmunity published research about the connection between CBD and diabetes. The study found that “CBD can inhibit and delay destructive insulitis and inflammatory Th1-associated cytokine production in NOD mice resulting in a decreased incidence of diabetes.“

Antileishmanial Activity of the Terpene Nerolidol

In January 2005, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy published research evaluating “the leishmanicidal activity of nerolidol and its inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of isoprenoids.” The researchers concluded that “ the in vitro activity of nerolidol against parasites may prove a useful tool for the development of new drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis.”

Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: Relevance to Parkinson's disease

In 2005, Neurobiology of Disease published research examining whether cannabinoids are “effective against the toxicity caused by 6-hydroxydopamine, both in vivo and in vitro, which may be relevant to Parkinson's disease (PD).” The results supported this view and “indicated that these neuroprotective effects might be due, among others, to the antioxidant properties of certain plant-derived cannabinoids, or exerted through the capability of cannabinoid agonists to modulate glial function, or produced by a combination of both mechanisms.”

Cannabidiol—transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model

In December 2003, the Journal of Controlled Release published the results of a study of a “transdermal delivery system for CBD by using ethosomal carriers.” The researchers concluded that “ethosomes enable CBD's skin permeation and its accumulation in a depot at levels that demonstrate the potential of transdermal CBD to be used as an anti-inflammatory treatment.“

Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow

In October 2003, Neuropsychopharmacology published the results of a study suggesting that CBD has anxiety-reducing properties and “that these effects are mediated by an action on limbic and paralimbic brain areas.”

Sensitization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to Antibiotics by the Sesquiterpenoids Nerolidol, Farnesol, Bisabolol, and Apritone

In October 2003, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy published research investigating “the sesquiterpenoids nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritone … for their abilities to enhance bacterial permeability and susceptibility to exogenous antimicrobial compounds.” The results found that there is a “practical utility of sensitizing bacteria to antimicrobials with [these] sesquiterpenoids .”

Cannabidiol: An Overview of Some Pharmacological Aspects

In its November 2002 issue, The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published a “review on the chemistry of CBD and discuss the anticonvulsive, antianxiety, antipsychotic, antinausea, and antirheumatoid arthritic properties of CBD.”

Endocannabinoids and Neuroprotection

In April 2002, Science Signaling published an article detailing how endocannabinoids provide protection to the brain after traumatic brain injury. They “reduce brain damage, … counteract the endothelin-induced vasoconstriction that aggravates brain damage, … [and] may thus help to restore blood supply to the injured brain.”

Cannabinoids and brain injury: therapeutic implications

In February 2002, Trends in Molecular Medicine published an article detailing how “the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, as well as some plant and synthetic cannabinoids, have neuroprotective effects following brain injury.“ The authors also indicate how “there is evidence that these compounds reduce the secondary damage incurred.”

An endogenous cannabinoid (2-AG) is neuroprotective after brain injury

In October 2001, Nature Research published research detailing how a cannabinoid has a “neuroprotective role” after brain injury is sustained.

A historical overview of chemical research on cannabinoids

In November 2000, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids published an article reviewing the ”chemical research on the plant cannabinoids and their derivatives over two centuries.”

The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis

In August 2000, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America published the results of a study examining the therapeutic potential of CBD in murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The data showed that “CBD, through its combined immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, has a potent anti-arthritic effect in CIA.”

Low dose anandamide affects food intake, cognitive function, neurotransmitter and corticosterone levels in diet-restricted mice

In March 2000, the European Journal of Pharmacology published an article investigating “the possible role of the endocannabinoid anandamide on modulating the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of semi-starvation.“ The researchers found “that low dose anandamide improved food intake, cognitive function and reversed some of the neurotransmitter changes caused by diet restriction, might have implications for the treatment of cachexia associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer, for mood changes sometimes associated with dieting, and in the extreme case, of patients with anorexia.“

An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity

In July 1998, the European Journal of Pharmacology published Dr. Raphael Mechoulam’s research identifying the entourage effect for the first time. The entourage effect is how cannabinoids work better when in conjunction with other cannabinoids rather than in isolation. Mechoulam concluded that the entourage effect “may represent a novel route for molecular regulation of endogenous cannabinoid activity.”

Cannabidiol (CBD) and (−)Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are neuroprotective antioxidants

In July 1998, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America published a study with data suggesting “that the naturally occurring, nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, cannabidiol, may be a potentially useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of oxidative neurological disorders.” The research found that “Cannabidiol and THC also were shown to prevent hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage” to the brain.

Cytokine production in the brain following closed head injury: dexanabinol (HU-211) is a novel TNF-α inhibitor and an effective neuroprotectant

In its February 1997 issue, the Journal of Neuroimmunology published the results of a study examining the role of cannabinoids in healing from traumatic brain injuries. The research showed that the cannabinoid “improved the outcome” of closed head injury and can “improve the final neurological outcome in victims of brain trauma.”

An efficient new cannabinoid antiemetic in pediatric oncology

In May 1995, Life Sciences published research examining the effect of a cannabinoid on children diagnosed with “various hematologic cancers, treated with different antineoplastic drugs.” The cannabinoid treatment completely prevented the children from vomiting as a result of the antineoplastic treatment.

Antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol

In 1995, the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry published the results of a study testing “cannabidiol in a 19-yr-old female, schizophrenic patient who had significant hormonal side effects during treatment with usual neuroleptics.“ The patient improved with the CBD treatment “in all items of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, including those more closely related to psychotic symptoms.“

Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor

In December 1992, Dr. Raphael Mechoulam published an article in Science that identified an endocannabinoid receptor in the brain for the first time.

Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain

In November 1988, Molecular Pharmacology published the discovery of CB1 receptors in the brain. The researchers found “criteria for a high affinity, stereoselective, pharmacologically distinct cannabinoid receptor in brain tissue.”

Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects

In 1982, Psychopharmacology published the results of a study looking to “verify whether cannabidiol (CBD) reduces the anxiety provoked by delta 9-THC in normal volunteers, and whether this effect occurs by a general block of the action of delta 9-THC or by a specific anxiolytic effect.” The research found that “CBD blocks the anxiety provoked by delta 9-THC” and that “this effect also extended to marijuana-like effects and to other subjective alterations induced by delta 9-THC.”

Chronic Administration of Cannabidiol to Healthy Volunteers and Epileptic Patients

In 1980, the International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology published ground-breaking research studying the effects of CBD on epileptic patients. Eight epileptic patients were treated with CBD and eight patients were given a placebo. Four of the patients who received CBD had their seizures almost completely disappear. Three of the other patients who received CBD “demonstrated partial improvement in their condition.” From the placebo group, only one patient’s condition improved.

Effects of high dosage delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on sleep patterns in man

THC can increase the number of deep sleep stages a person experiences. In April 1975, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics published the results of research looking at the effect of THC on sleep. The researchers found that “administration of THC significantly reduced eye movement activity during sleep with rapid eye movements.”

chemical basis of hashish activity

In August 1970, Science published research examining the compounds in cannabis. This “provide[s] evidence that, except for Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol, no other major, psychotomimetically active compounds are present in” cannabis.

Isolation and structure of .DELTA.+- tetrahydrocannabinol and other neutral cannabinoids from hashish

In 1970, the Journal of the American Chemical Society published Dr. Raphael Mechoulam’s groundbreaking research of the isolation and structure of THC and several other cannabinoids. This was the first time that THC was isolated.